This chapter presents various types of pipe fittings.

Of all the fittings, the elbow is the one most often used. Simply put, the elbow, or ell, is used when a pipe changes

direction. Elbows can turn up, down, left, right, or any angle in between. When one finds it necessary to draw a 90° elbow

or calculate how much space it will occupy in a routing configuration, knowing its length becomes essential. An elbow's

length is commonly referred to as the center-to-end dimension and is measured from the centerpoint of its radius to the end

of either opening. Dimensional sizes of fittings are typically provided by the manufacturer of the fitting. Manufacturers

issue dimensioning charts containing lengths for a particular fitting. Another elbow that may be used under certain

circumstances and with permission from the customer is the 90° short-radius elbow. The 90° short-radius ell makes a much

sharper turn than does the long-radius ell.